Manifestaciones inusuales en enfermedad por dengue en pediatría. ¿Olvidadas o infrecuentes? / Unusual manifestations in pediatric dengue disease. ¿Forgotten or infrequent?

Introducción: El dengue representa un importante problema de salud pública en países como Colombia. Usualmente se trata de una patología autolimitada con buena respuesta a manejo sintomático ambulatorio, sin embargo, cuadros con síntomas atípicos pueden complicar el diagnóstico dando lugar a manifestaciones inusuales que comprometen la vida del paciente. Objetivo: Describir la información del tema expuesto resaltando aspectos relevantes como diagnóstico y manejo. Metodología: Se efectuó una revisión bibliográfica con búsqueda electrónica en las siguientes bases de datos: PubMed, MEDLINE, Medscape, Scopus; en inglés y español incluyéndose diferentes tipos de artículo (artículos originales, revisiones de temas y guías de manejo que abordaran síntomas inusuales de dengue en pediatría desde el año 2009 al 2019. Resultados: Se obtuvo 414 referencias después de una revisión de artículos, donde se describe el tema de complicaciones relacionadas con esta patología en pediatría, se seleccionaron 50 artículos en texto completo que cumplían los requisitos de búsqueda. Conclusiones: El tema de manifestaciones atípicas del dengue tiene poca revisión registrada en el área de pediatría, son complicaciones poco frecuentes por lo cual la evidencia es escasa, estas se deben tener en cuenta para manejo y tratamiento oportuno.

Introduction: Dengue represents a major public health problem in countries like Colombia. Usually it is a self-limited pathology with good response to outpatient symptomatic management, however, pictures with atypical symptoms can complicate the diagnosis resulting in unusual manifestations that compromise the patient's life. Objective: Describe the information on the exposed topic highlighting relevant aspects such as diagnosis and management. Methodology: A bibliographic review was carried out with electronic search in the following databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, Medscape, Scopus; in English and Spanish including different types of article (original articles, review of topics and management guides that will address unusual symptoms of dengue in pediatrics from 2009 to 2019. Results: 414 references were obtained after an article review, which describes the topic of complications related to this pathology in pediatrics, 50 articles were selected in full text that met the search requirements. Conclusions: The issue of atypical manifestations of dengue has little revision registered in the area of pediatrics, they are rare complications, so the evidence is scarce, these should be taken into account for timely management and treatment.

Caracterización clínica-epidemiológica de pacientes con Dengue. Hospital "José Ramón López Tabrane". Matanzas 2014 / Clinical epidemiological characterization of patients with dengue. Hospital "José Ramón López Tabrane". Matanzas 2014

Introducción: el dengue es una de las frecuentes infecciones por arbovirus que afectan al hombre en la mayoría de los países tropicales, donde las condiciones del medio ambiente favorecen el desarrollo y la proliferación del Aedes Aegypti. Objetivo: caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente a los pacientes enfermos de dengue. Materiales y Métodos: estudio observacional transversal, cuya población estuvo constituida por 89 pacientes con monosuero de captura de IgM para dengue positivo, ingresados en sala J del Servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Provincial "José Ramón López Tabrane" de Matanzas, durante el año 2014. Se utilizaron las variables: edad, sexo, manifestaciones clínicas, mes de presentación, municipio de procedencia, viajes a otras provincias u otros países, trombocitopenia, leucopenia y hematocrito. Se utilizó el porcentaje como medida de resumen y los resultados se presentaron en tablas. Los datos personales y de identificación de los pacientes no fueron publicados. Resultados: predominó el sexo femenino (51,7 %), edades entre 20 y 30 años (24,7 %). La fiebre y mialgias se presentaron en más de la mitad de los pacientes. El mes de agosto constituyó el de más ingresos, con un 24,7 %. La mayoría de los pacientes viajaron a la Habana, para un 78,9 %, seguido de Camagüey y Guantánamo para un 5,8 % y un 3,9 % respectivamente. Un 100 %, mostró trombocitopenia y la leucopenia estuvo presente en un 80 % aproximadamente. Conclusiones: no se presentó relación directa entre el sexo de los pacientes y la aparición de la enfermedad, se reportó más frecuentemente entre adultos jóvenes y en los meses de lluvia (AU).

Introduction: dengue is one of the most frequent infections caused by arbovirus affecting people in most of the tropical countries, where the environment conditions favor the development and proliferation of Aedes Aegypti. Objective: to characterize, clinically and epidemiologically, the patients with dengue. Materials and Methods: cross-sectional observational study in a population formed by 89 in-patients with positive IgM-capture monoserum for dengue who were admitted in the J ward of the Internal Medicine Service of the Provincial Hospital "José Ramón López Tabrane" of Matanzas during 2014. The used variables were: age, sex, clinical manifestations, month of presentation, municipality of origin, trips to other provinces or countries, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, and hematocrit. The percentage was used as a summary measure and the results were given in charts. The patients' personal and identification data were not published. Results: the female sex (51,7 %) and ages between 20 and 30 years (24,7 %) predominated. More than half of a patients presented fever and myalgia. August was the month with more admissions, for 24,7 %. Most of the patients travelled to Havana (78,9 %), followed by Camaguey and Guantanamo, for 5,8 % and 3.9 % respectively. 100 % of the patients showed thrombocytopenia, and leucopenia was present in almost 80 %. Conclusions: there was not found a direct relation between the patients' sex and disease onset. It was more frequently reported in young adults and in the rainy months (AU).

Dengue: Nuestra experiencia en el Hospital Dr Abel Zubizarreta / Dengue: Our experience at Dr. Abel Zubizarreta Hospital

Los mosquitos del género Aedes, presentes en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, pueden transmitir enfermedades virales que constituyen un problema creciente de Salud Pública a nivel mundial y en la región de las Américas: el Dengue, Fiebre Chikunguya, la enfermedad por virus Zika y la Fiebre Amarilla. Los factores que influyen en la incidencia de estas enfermedades vectoriales son múltiples: la presencia del vector, las condiciones climáticas (temperatura y precipitaciones), las epidemias en países vecinos y la circulación de personas. El objetivo principal de este informe es presentar la experiencia en la atención de pacientes con enfermedad trasmitida por mosquitos: Dengue, en el periodo de la SE 1 a la SE 26 de 2016 en el Servicio de Promoción y Protección de la Salud del Hospital Zubizarreta de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. (AU)

Avaliação da validade do sistema nacional de vigilância da dengue / Assess the validity of the national system dengue surveillance

Introdução: O sistema de vigilância epidemiológica da dengue tem um papel primordial nas atividades de prevenção e controle da doença. Em 2014, o Ministério da Saúde do Brasil atualizou a definição de caso usada pela vigilância para notificação de pacientes suspeitos de dengue. Entretanto, o desempenho da nova definição de caso ainda não foi avaliado, tão pouco foi avaliado a validade do sistema nacional de informação no registro de casos de dengue. Objetivo: Avaliar a validade do registro de casos suspeitos da dengue pelo SINAN e a nova definição de caso suspeito de dengue. Metodologia: Entre 2009 e 2011, pacientes atendidos em um centro de emergência de Salvador por uma doença febril aguda (DFA) de duração ≤7 dias foram entrevistados para coleta de dados sobre a presença das manifestações clínicas usadas na definição de caso suspeito de dengue. A leucometria foi obtida dos prontuários. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas no dia do atendimento e após 14 dias, e testes de referência (ELISA-IgM, ELISA-NS1 e RT-PCR) foram usados para confirmação laboratorial da dengue. A base de dados do SINAN para 2009-2011 com o registro dos casos notificados de dengue no Distrito Sanitário para o nosso período de estudo foi obtida diretamente na coordenação de vigilancia epidemiológica da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde. A sensibilidade (SEN), a especificidade (ESP), os valores preditivos positivo e negativo (VVP e VPN) dos registros de dengue no SINAN bem como dos sintomas utilizados na definiçao de casos foram estimado. O intervalo de confiança de 95% foi utilizado para todas as análises. O projeto foi aprovado pelo CEP-CPqGM- e CONEP. Resultados: No período de 2009-2011, 3.864 pacientes com DFA foram incluídos no estudo, 997 (25,8%) foram laboratorialmente confirmados para dengue e 2.867 (74,2%)...

Introduction: The epidemiological surveillance system dengue has a key role in the prevention and control of disease. In 2014, the Ministry of Health of Brazil updated the case definition used for surveillance for reporting suspected dengue patients. However, the performance of the new case definition has not yet been rated, so little was assessed the validity of the national system of information in the registry of dengue cases. Objective: Evaluate the validity of the registration of suspected cases of dengue by SINAN and the new definition of suspect dengue fever. Methods: Between 2009 and 2011, patients from an emergency center of Salvador by an acute febrile illness (DFA) ≤7 days were interviewed to collect data on the presence of clinical manifestations used in the definition of suspect dengue fever. The white blood cell count and the result of the tourniquet test were obtained from medical records. Blood samples were collected at treatment day and after 14 days, and reference tests (ELISA-IgM ELISA-NS1 and RT-PCR) were used for laboratory confirmation of dengue. The base SINAN data for 2009-2011 with registry of reported cases of dengue in the Sanitary District for our study period was obtained directly by coordinating epidemiological surveillance of the Municipal Health. The sensitivity (SEN), specificity ( ESP), positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) of dengue records in SINAN and symptoms used to define cases were estimated. The 95% confidence interval was used for all analyzes. The project was approved by CEP-CPqGM- and CONEP. Results: In the period 2009-2011, 3,864 patients with DFA were included in the study, 997 (25.8%) were laboratory confirmed dengue and 2,867 (74.2%)...

A dispersão temporal e espacial da dengue 4 no estado do Rio de Janeiro no período de 2011 a 2013 / The temporal and spatial dispersion of dengue 4 in the state of Rio de Janeiro in 2011 to 2013

A dengue é uma doença aguda febril transmitida principalmente pelo mosquito Aedes aegypti. No Brasil, a doença encontra-se em franca expansão, com epidemias registradas desde a década de 80. O sorotipo 4 da doença reemerge no país em 2010 e, em 2011, são identificados os primeiros casos de infecção pelo Dengue 4 na região Sudeste, no município de Niterói. Foi objetivo geral: analisar a disseminação do vírus Dengue 4, no tempo e no espaço, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, no período de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2013. Foram objetivos específicos: descrever os casos notificados de dengue no Estado do Rio de Janeiro no período; descrever os casos notificados de dengue 4, ou seja, os casos confirmados laboratorialmente como dengue 4, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro no período de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2013; descrever como o grau de cobertura da sorologia entre os casos notificados variou no tempo e espaço; elaborar mapas que permitam a análise espacial e temporal do dengue 4 no período supracitado. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico exploratório. Realizou-se uma análise descritiva simples do número de casos, sorologias realizadas, sorotipos identificados e classificação dos casos da dengue por semana epidemiológica no período de estudo, a descrição da distribuição espacial através de mapas e a descrição temporal através de gráficos utilizando-se os programas Excel, R 3.1.1 e TabWin 3.6b...

Dengue is an acute febrile disease transmitted primarily by Aedes aegypti. In Brazil, the disease is in full expansion, with epidemics recorded since the 80s Serotype 4 reemerge in the country in 2010 and in 2011 the first cases of infection with dengue 4 in the Southeast were identified, in Niterói. The overall objective of this project was to analyze the spread of Dengue 4 virus, in time and space, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, from January 2011 to December 2013. Specific objectives were: to describe the reported cases of dengue in Rio de Janeiro state in period; describe the reported cases of dengue 4, i.e., the laboratory confirmed cases as dengue 4 in the state of Rio de Janeiro in January 2011 to December 2013; describe the degree of serology coverage among reported cases in time and space; produce maps that allow spatial and temporal analysis of dengue 4 in the above period. We performed a simple descriptive analysis of the number of cases, serological tests, identified serotypes and clinical classification of cases by dengue epidemiological week during the study period, the description of the spatial distribution through maps and temporal description through graphics using the Excel programs, R 3.1.1 and TabWin 3.6b...

Detección de antígenos del virus del dengue en tejidos post mórtem / Detection of dengue virus antigen in post-mortem tissues

El panorama epidemiológico del dengue ha empeorado durante la última década. Las dificultades para prevenir su transmisión, así como la ausencia de una vacuna o tratamiento específico, lo convierten en un riesgo que desafía las medidas de salud pública y desborda la capacidad de los centros de salud y los sistemas de investigación a muchos niveles. Actualmente, la mayoría de los estudios sobre la patogenia de la infección centran su atención en la respuesta inmunitaria de las células T casi exclusivamente en infecciones secundarias y están dirigidos a identificar los mecanismos implicados en el desarrollo de la permeabilidad vascular y de los eventos hemorrágicos que lo acompañan. En este reporte se describe el caso de una menor de 45 días de edad con signos clínicos de dengue grave, cuyo diagnóstico se confirmó por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de transcripción inversa en muestras de tejido post mórtem y por herramientas de apoyo diagnóstico de inmunohistoquímica, las cuales detectaron antígenos virales en todos los órganos obtenidos en la necropsia. Este caso subraya la importancia del estudio de las infecciones primarias asociadas a dengue grave, particularmente en niños, en quienes es más probable el desarrollo de la forma grave de la enfermedad sin una infección previa, y, además, pone de relieve la importancia de un diagnóstico que no se limite a las muestras de tejido hepático en el estudio de la patogenia de la infección viral.

The epidemiological situation of dengue has worsened over the last decade. The difficulties in preventing its transmission and the absence of a vaccine or specific treatment have made dengue a serious risk to public health, health centers and research systems at different levels. Currently, most studies on the pathogenesis of dengue infection focus on the T-cell immune response almost exclusively in secondary infections and are aimed at identifying the mechanisms involved in the development of vascular permeability and bleeding events that accompany the infection. This report describes the case of a baby girl less than 45 days of age with clinical signs of severe dengue, whose diagnosis was confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in post-mortem tissue samples and by the ancillary diagnostic use of immunohistochemistry, which detected viral antigens in all organs obtained at autopsy. This case highlights the importance of studying primary infections associated with severe dengue, particularly in children, who are more likely to develop the severe form of the disease without previous infection, and it further stresses the importance of a diagnosis that should not be based solely on the examination of liver tissue samples when studying the pathogenesis of the viral infection.

Prevalência e incidência de infecção pelo vírus da dengue em uma comunidade urbana: Um estudo de coorte / Prevalence and incidence of infection by the dengue virus in an urban community: A cohort study

A dengue é uma doença febril aguda transmitida pela picada do mosquito Aedes aegypti. Em torno de 40% da população mundial vive em áreas tropicais e subtropicais sob risco de infecção e desenvolvimento da doença. No Brasil, a dengue é uma doença de grande impacto para a saúde pública. Entretanto, poucos estudos de coorte prospectiva foram realizados para estimar a incidência de infecções e para identificar grupos populacionais de maior risco para infecção. Identificar grupos de risco pode ajudar a orientar os programas de prevenção e controle da dengue, de modo a reduzir a carga da doença. Este estudo teve como objetivos determinar a soroprevalência e a densidade de incidência e fatores demográficos e socioeconômicos associados à infecção pelo vírus da dengue em uma comunidade urbana. Um estudo de coorte foi realizado nas comunidades de São Marcos e Pau da Lima, bairros periféricos de Salvador-BA que apresentam infra-estrutura sanitária deficiente. Foram incluídos 2.323 participantes com idade ≥5 anos, residentes em domicílios selecionados aleatoriamente na comunidade. A coorte foi recrutada entre janeiro e junho de 2010 e o seguimento se deu após um ano, entre janeiro e maio de 2011...

Dengue fever is an acute febrile disease transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Around 40% of the world population lives in tropical and subtropical areas at risk of infection and disease development. In Brazil, dengue is a disease of great impact on public health. However, few prospective cohort studies have been conducted to estimate the incidence of infections and to identify population groups at higher risk for infection. The identification of risk groups can help guide prevention programs and dengue control in order to reduce the burden of disease. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and incidence density and socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with dengue virus infection in an urban community. A cohort study was conducted in the communities of San Marcos and Pau da Lima, outskirts of Salvador-BA who have poor health infrastructure. About 2,323 participants aged ≥ 5 years, residents in households randomly selected in the community were included. The cohort was recruited between January and June 2010 and follow-up occurred after one year, between January and May 2011...

Glucógeno hepático en dengue severo: análisis histopatológico / Hepatic glucogen in cases with severe dengue: histopathological changes

Antecedentes: El virus del dengue afecta distintos órganos, pero se ha determinado que el hígado es el principal blanco de acción y en donde ocurre la mayor severidad del daño. Existen pocos estudios sobre los cambios histológicos durante la infección por dengue. Objetivos: Analizar las alteraciones histopatológicas post-mortem en hígados de pacientes que presentaron la forma grave del dengue. Métodos: Se revisaron los cortes de hígado de 20 pacientes con dengue severo y se realizaron coloraciones y pruebas para glucógeno. Resultados: Encontramos pérdida de glucógeno citoplasmático en todos los casos analizados y la presencia de glucógeno intranuclear en dos de ellos. Conclusiones: En este estudio se reporta por primera vez la presencia de masas de glucógeno intranuclear en hepatocitos de dos niños fallecidos con dengue grave.

Background: Dengue virus affects various organs, but the liver is the main target of damage and where the most severe damage can occur. There are few studies on the histological changes in the liver during dengue infection. Aims: To analyze the histopathological post-mortem alterations in livers from patients with Methods: We revised serial liver sections, which were stained and tested for glycogen, from 20 patients with severe dengue. Results: We found loss of cytoplasmic glycogen in all cases analyzed and the presence of intranuclear glycogen in two of them. Conclusions: This is the first report of the presence of intranuclear glycogen masses during severe dengue.

Patogénesis del dengue / Pathogenesis of dengue

Las cuatro subespecies del dengue pertenecen a los arbovirus ARN trasmitidos por el Aedes aegypti y son los agentes causales del dengue. La enfermedad puede manifestarse desde una infección asintomática o como fiebre inespecífica hasta una enfermedad hemorrágica y un síndrome de choque que pueden causar la muerte. Los mecanismos de la patogénesis del dengue son todav¡a desconocidos por la falta de un modelo animal para realizar los estudios a nivel de los vasos sanguíneos. Sin embargo, se plantean hipótesis y nuevos estudios para entender la clínica y el manejo de una enfermedad que está  en aumento, especialmente, en la metrópoli de Lima.

The four subspecies of dengue belong to RNA arbovirus transmitted by the Aedes aegypti, which are the causative agents of dengue. The disease can occur from asymptomatic infection or nonspecific fever to a hemorrhagic disease and shock syndrome which can be fatal. The mechanism of pathogenesis of dengue are still unknown because of the lack of an animal model for studies at the level of the blood vessels, however, new hypothesis and new studies are proposed to understand the clinical management of this disease which is increasing especially in metropolitan Lima.

Dengue in India.

Dengue virus belongs to family Flaviviridae, having four serotypes that spread by the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. It causes a wide spectrum of illness from mild asymptomatic illness to severe fatal dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). Approximately 2.5 billion people live in dengue-risk regions with about 100 million new cases each year worldwide. The cumulative dengue diseases burden has attained an unprecedented proportion in recent times with sharp increase in the size of human population at risk. Dengue disease presents highly complex pathophysiological, economic and ecologic problems. In India, the first epidemic of clinical dengue-like illness was recorded in Madras (now Chennai) in 1780 and the first virologically proved epidemic of dengue fever (DF) occurred in Calcutta (now Kolkata) and Eastern Coast of India in 1963-1964. During the last 50 years a large number of physicians have treated and described dengue disease in India, but the scientific studies addressing various problems of dengue disease have been carried out at limited number of centres. Achievements of Indian scientists are considerable; however, a lot remain to be achieved for creating an impact. This paper briefly reviews the extent of work done by various groups of scientists in this country.

Modelos jerárquicos espacio temporales para mapear riesgos relativos de dengue, en el Municipio Girardot, Estado Aragua, Venezuela / Spatio-temporal hierarchical models for mapping relative risks of dengue in the Municipality of Girardot, Aragua State, Venezuela

Los modelos Bayesianos jerárquicos espaciotemporales han sido usados en el mapeo de enfermedades, estudios de contaminación ambiental, contaminación industrial, entre muchos otros. Bajo esta metodología, los datos están asociados con un punto en una localidad E y con un instante de tiempo t. El objetivo de este trabajo es modelar el riesgo relativo de contraer dengue en el municipio Girardot del estado Aragua, Venezuela, durante el periodo epidemiológico del año 2009. Se proponen tres estructuras de modelos, un Binomial que toma en cuenta la variabilidad en el conteo de la ocurrencia de la enfermedad en las parroquias del municipio. Una segunda propuesta incluye un modelo Binomial como primer nivel de jerarquía, más un segundo nivel que introduce el efecto espacial, el efecto temporal y la interacción espacio-tiempo. Finalmente, un tercer modelo espacial que combina el modelo Poisson en el primer nivel de jerarquía para el número de casos, y en el segundo nivel de jerarquía se relaciona el riesgo relativo con las covariables a través de la función logaritmo más un efecto aleatorio. Los datos fueron recopilados por semanas y clasificados de acuerdo a las parroquias del municipio. Se utilizó el criterio de información de deviancia (DIC) para seleccionar el mejor modelo, resultando el modelo Poisson el más adecuado para representar el riesgo relativo de contraer dengue en la zona bajo estudio, confirmando que los patrones de alto riesgo se encuentran en las parroquias ubicadas al sur y suroeste del municipio Girardot, colindando algunas de ellas con el lago de Valencia.

Hierarchical Bayesian space-time models have been used in the mapping of disease, studies of environmental pollution and industrial pollution, among many others. Under this methodology, the data is associated with point in a locality E and an instant in time t. The aim of this work is to model the relative risk of dengue in Girardot Municipality, Aragua State, Venezuela, during the epidemic period 2009. In that sense, we propose three models. First, a binomial model that measures the variability in the count of occurrence of the disease in the parishes of the municipality. A second model includes the binomial model as a first hierarchical level, plus a second level which introduces the spatial effect, the temporal effect and spacetime interaction. Finally, a third spatial model that follows a Poisson model at the first level of hierarchy for the number of cases, and in the second level of hierarchy relates the relative risk associated with covariates through the logarithm function over a random effect. Data were collected for weeks and classified according to the parishes of the municipality. The Deviance Information Criterion (DIC) was used to select the best model. The Poisson model was best suited to represent the relative risk of contracting dengue in the area under study, showing that high-risk patterns were found in the parishes located in the south and southwest of the Girardot municipality, some of them bordering the lake of Valencia.

Tipos del virus dengue identificados en pacientes del Centro Médico Dr. Rafael Guerra Méndez, Valencia, Estado Carabobo, Venezuela / Dengue virus types identified in patients attended at Medical Center Dr. Rafael Guerra Méndez, Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela

En esta investigación se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo de 114 muestras serológicas de pacientes con sospecha clínica de dengue, según criterios establecidos por la Organización Mundial para la Salud (OMS), que se recibieron durante el mes de junio de 2010 en el Centro Médico Dr. Rafael Guerra Méndez, de la ciudad de Valencia, Estado Carabobo. Las muestras se trasladaron al Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la Universidad de Carabobo (BIOMED-UC) y se analizaron por la técnica de RT-PCR anidada. Los resultados indicaron positividad en 46 muestras y la presencia de los 4 tipos del virus dengue. Los tipos detectados con mayor frecuencia fueron DEN-4 (34,8%), seguido por el DEN-3 (32,6%), sobre todo en niños ≤ 12 años que representaron el 54% del total de las muestras.

This research conducted a descriptive study of 114 serum samples from patients with clinical suspicion of dengue, according to criteria established by the World Health Organization (WHO) who were received during the month of June 2010 at the Medical Center Dr. Rafael Guerra Mendez in the city of Valencia, Carabobo State. Samples were transported to the Institute of Biomedical Research of the University of Carabobo (BIOMED-UC) and analyzed by RT-nested PCR. The results showed positivity in 46 samples and the presence of the 4 types of dengue virus. The most frequently detected types were DEN-4 (34.8%), followed by DEN-3 (32.6%) which were, especially in children ≤ 12 years and accounted for 54% of total samples.

Association of platelet count and serological markers of dengue infection- importance of NS1 antigen.

Introduction: Dengue is an acute viral infection with potential fatal complications. Specific antibody detection has been the mainstay of diagnosis which is prone for both false positive and false negative reactions. The newer parameter NS1 appears to be highly specific and reliable for diagnosis of dengue infection from the first day of fever. Platelet count is the only accessory test for diagnosis of dengue infection in the peripheral laboratories. Therefore, we tried to evaluate the association of platelet counts against NS1 and IgM/IgG in dengue infections. Materials and Methods: Serum samples from clinically suspected dengue cases were tested for NS1, IgM and IgG by immunochromatography-based test. Platelet counts were obtained for all positive cases and 150 dengue seronegative cases of fever that served as controls. Test results of dengue-specific parameters were compared against platelet counts. The proportions obtained were compared by Standard error of the difference between the proportions (SEP test). Results: Of 2104 samples tested, 320 were positive for one or more dengue parameters. Of the 320, 95 were positive for NS1 only, 161 showed IgM only while 9 showed IgG only. More than one marker was detected in the remaining 55 samples. Thrombocytopenia was more consistently associated whenever NS1 was detected compared to antibody detection (P value <0.001). Conclusions: Inclusion of NS1 in the diagnosis of dengue increases the detection rate significantly. In cases of fever, thrombocytopenia is more consistently found in dengue positive rather than dengue negative subjects. It correlates well when NS1 and IgM are detected simultaneously.

Frecuencia de agentes virales en niños con afectación del sistema nervioso central en el estado Zulia, Venezuela: durante el año 2007 / Incidence of viral agents in children with central nervous system affectation in the state of Zulia, Venezuela: during 2007

Diversos virus afectan el sistema nervioso central (SNC) ocasionando encefalitis, principalmente en la edad pediátrica. Determinar la implicación de agentes virales en infecciones del sistema nervioso central (SNC) en niños del estado Zulia, Venezuela durante el año 2007. Se recolectaron 109 muestras de líquido cefalorraquídeo(LCR) y suero, provenientes de pacientes entre 1 día de nacido a 14 años, que presentaron sintomatología clínica sugestiva de afectación del SNC y cuyo estudio bacteriológico convencional de LCR resultó negativo. Se determinó la relación albúmina LCR/suero a fin de descartar contaminación, resultando 24 pares óptimos para la determinación por la técnica de ELISA de anticuerpos IgM específicos para los virus Herpes Simple (VHS), Epstein Barr (VEB), Dengue, Rubéola, Sarampión y Encefalitis Equina Venezolana (EEV). De los 24 casos analizados, 15 (62,5%) resultaron positivos. Los agentes causantes de encefalitis fueron: 11 casos de Dengue (45,8%) (p<0,05), 3 de VHS (12,5%) y un caso de VEB (4,2%). No se detectaron casos de Rubéola, Sarampión, ni EEV. La pleocitocis con predominio de linfocitos fue el hallazgo más frecuente en los casos con encefalitis viral (EV) confirmada, sin diferencias significativas al relacionarlo con el agente viral infectante. Se evidencia que una proporción significativa de los niños con encefalitis es debida a agentes virales y se destaca un incremento en los casos de dengue con afectación del SNC en la región

Various viruses affect the central nervous system (CNS) causing encephalitis, mainly in pediatric patients. To determine the involvement of viral agents for central nervous system (CNS) infections in children in the State of Zulia, Venezuela during the year 2007. 109 samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum were collected from patients between 1 day and 14 years of age, who presented clinical symptoms suggestive of CNS involvement and whose conventional CSF bacteriological study proved negative. The CSF Albumin /serum relation ship was determined in order to rule out contamination, resulting in 24 optimal pairs for determining the IgM and IgG antibodies specific for herpes simplex virus (HSV), Epstein Barr (EBV), Dengue fever, rubella, measles and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) using the ELISA technique. Of the 24 cases examined, 15 (62.5%) were positive. The causative agents for encephalitis were 11 cases of Dengue (45.8%) (p<0.05), 3 VHS (12.5%) and 1 case of EBV (4.2%). There were no cases of rubella, measles or VEE. Pleocytosis with lymphocyte predominance was the most common finding in cases with confirmed viral encephalitis (VE), without significant differences related to the infecting viral agent. Results show that a significant proportion of encephalitis in children is due to viral agents, highlighting an increase in dengue cases with CNS affection in the region

Correlación clínico-patológica en casos fatales de dengue en Maracaibo, Venezuela / Clinical and pathological correlation in fatal dengue cases found in Maracaibo, Venezuela

INTRODUCCIÓN: dada la importancia del dengue en América, es elemental conocer la causa de muerte de los infectados y evaluar los escasos estudios de necropsias. OBJETIVO: describir y analizar los hallazgos anatomopatológicos relevantes en casos fatales de dengue en un área endémica venezolana. MÉTODOS: se estudiaron 8 casos mortales con criterios clínico-epidemiológicos de dengue o comprobados mediante pruebas serológicas (o ambos), sometidos a necropsia clínica completa. Los tejidos se procesaron con técnicas histopatológicas habituales. RESULTADOS: todos los casos evidenciaron enfermedad pulmonar severa (daño alveolar difuso, edema pulmonar no cardiogénico, tromboembolismo, bronconeumonía, neumonitis, hemorragia intraalveolar); 6 mostraron derrame en cavidad pleural o abdominal, o en ambas. Necrosis hepática focal se presentó en 2 casos. La causa de muerte se relacionó con insuficiencia respiratoria en 6 casos secundaria a enfermedad pulmonar, 2 con choque hipovolémico y 1 desarrolló insuficiencia hepática. CONCLUSIONES: los casos mortales por dengue estudiados evidenciaron compromiso pulmonar severo relacionado con la muerte, a diferencia de lo reportado en otros estudios de necropsias en América. También desarrollaron afectación multiorgánica, que en la mayoría de los casos condujo a la muerte no vinculada directamente a choque hipovolémico. Estos hallazgos de necropsias permitirían proyectar estrategias terapéuticas en pro de evitar la mortalidad.

INTRODUCTION: given the importance of dengue in America, it is indispensable to know the cause of death of the infected people and to evaluate the few necropsy studies available. OBJECTIVE: to describe and to analyze the relevant clinical and pathological findings in fatal dengue cases of dengue in a Venezuelan endemic area. METHODS: eight fatal cases, according to clinical and epidemiological dengue criteria and/or confirmed by complete serological tests were studied after complete clinical necropsy. The tissues were processed by standard histopathological techniques. RESULTS: all these cases showed severe lung disease (diffuse alveolar damage, non cardiogenic pulmonary edema, thromboembolism, bronchopneumonia, pneumonitis, intralveolar hemorrhage). Six presented with pleural or abdominal effusion. Focal hepatic necrosis was found in two cases. The cause of death was related to respiratory failure in six cases secondary to lung disease; two with hypovolemic shock, and one developed liver failure. CONCLUSIONS: the studied dengue cases showed fatal severe pulmonary compromise leading to death, unlike those reported in other studies of autopsies in The Americas. They also developed multiple organ failure, which in most cases led to death not directly associated to hypovolemic shock. These findings in autopsies will allow designing therapeutic strategies to avoid mortality.

Dengue fever; clinico-pathologic correlations and their association with poor outcome

One of the major health hazards that has erupted in Pakistan within the recent past years and has caused loss of life of many young people is Dengue Fever. Main objective was to find clinico-pathologic parameters which are essentially associated with complications and contribute to the adverse outcome. This prospective study was conducted on 106 seropositive cases of dengue fever. Patients were taken from Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi from June 2008 to March 2009. The most common 3 hematological abnormalities were thrombocytopenia and leucopenia. Platelets count below 50 x 10 / microL was seen in [78%] cases and 49% 3 patients had total white cell count below 4 x10 /microL. Partial thromboplastin time was significantly prolonged in [26%] cases whereas prothrombin time was normal in all patients. Liver enzymes both Aspartate Aminotransferase [AST] and Alanine Amino-transferase were significantly elevated in [60%] patients. Blood urea nitrogen [BUN] and creatinine was deranged in [23%] patients. Fever was the most common clinical presentation [86% of the patients]. Hematological parameters [low platelet count, low total leucocytes count, prolonged APTT and raised hematocrit] and biochemical parameters [raised aminotransferases, blood urea nitrogen] have strong association with the complications of dengue fever and hence are associated with the poor outcome of disease

Incidencia de infecciones sintomáticas y asintomáticas por virus dengue en Maracay, Venezuela: 2006-2007 / Incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic dengue virus infections in Maracay, Venezuela: 2006-2007

Con el objetivo de estimar las tasas de incidencia de infecciones sintomáticas y asintomáticas por virus dengue (DENV) durante un año (octubre 2006-septiembre 2007) en cuatro barrios de Maracay (Venezuela) se realizó un estudio prospectivo consistente de visitas domiciliarias, tres veces por semana, para detectar casos de dengue y de encuestas serológicas semestrales para determinar infecciones asintomáticas probables por DENV. Los sujetos de estudio pertenecían a una cohorte de 2663 personas ≥5 años de edad. El diagnóstico confirmatorio de DENV se realizó mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcriptasa inversa (RT-PCR). Las pruebas serológicas se realizaron mediante el ensayo inmunoenzimático de captura de IgM anti-dengue (MAC-ELISA). Los resultados determinaron tasas de incidencia de 5,7 y 18,6 por 100 000 personas/día (p/d) para las infecciones sintomáticas y asintomáticas, respectivamente. La tasa de incidencia de las infecciones sintomáticas observada en las personas <15 años de edad fue significativamente mayor que la encontrada en los sujetos ≥15 años (15,8 versus 2,9 por 100 000 p/d). Por otro lado, las tasas de incidencia de las infecciones asintomáticas en ambos grupos de edad fueron similares (17,3 y 18,9 por 100 000 p/d, respectivamente). Se detectaron los cuatro serotipos del DENV en tres de los barrios estudiados. Se observó que la edad y la hiperendemicidad fueron probablemente los factores que más contribuyeron a la incidencia del dengue en los cuatro barrios investigados. Seguramente, las infecciones asintomáticas contribuyeron a incrementar la transmisión viral en el área de estudio.

The incidence rates of symptomatic and asymptomatic dengue virus (DENV) infections in four "barrios" of Maracay, Venezuela, during one-year (October 2006-September 2007) were estimated. A prospective study consisting of house visits three-times a week to detect dengue cases, and semiannual serological surveys to determine probable asymptomatic dengue virus (DENV) infections was conducted. The study subjects belonged to a cohort of 2,663 people ≥5 year-old. Confirmatory diagnosis of DENV infections was carried out by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Serological surveys were performed by anti-dengue IgM-capture immunoassay (MAC-ELISA). The results showed that the incidence rates for symptomatic and asymptomatic infections were determined to be 5.7 and 18.6 per 100,000 persons/day (p/d), respectively. The incidence rate of symptomatic infections was significantly higher in persons <15 year-old than that found in subjects ≥15 years (15.8 versus 2.9 per 100,000 p/d). On the other hand, the incidence rates of asymptomatic infections in both age groups were similar (17.3 and 18.9 per 100,000 p/d, respectively). All four DENV serotypes were detected in three of the four "barrios" studied. Finally, age and hyperendemicity were probably the contributing factors to the incidence of dengue in the four "barrios" investigated. Surely, the asymptomatic infections contributed to increase the viral transmission in the study area.

Vírus dengue sorotipo 3 (DENV-3) no Brasil: estudos sobre patogenia, sítios de replicação, filogenia e evolução molecular / Dengue virus serotype 3 (DENVER-3) in Brazil: studies on pathogenesis, sites of replication, phylogeny and molecular evolution

Dengue é uma importante arbovirose (arthropod-borne virus) e constitui um grave problema de saúde pública não só no Brasil, mas também nos países de clima tropical. O Aedes aegypti é o principal vetor dos vírus dengue (DENV) e está presente na maioria dos países entre as latitudes 35ºN e 35ºS. Neste trabalho, apresentamos quatro estudos. No primeiro estudo, analisamos os níveis de RNA viral dos DENV-3 e sua correlação com o tipo de infecção (primária ou secundária) em casos fatais e não fatais por dengue, ocorridos no estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2002. O grupo de casos fatais apresentou uma média de título viral significativamente mais elevada do que o grupo de casos não fatais. Considerando que infecções primárias foram confirmadas entre os casos fatais (52,1 por cento), a teoria da infecção sequencial por si só não explica todos os casos graves da doença. Estes resultados sugerem que altos níveis de DENV-3 podem ter contribuído para a forma grave do dengue no Rio de Janeiro, 2002. No segundo estudo, diferentes métodos de diagnóstico foram aplicados para investigar a presença dos DENV em amostras de tecidos humanos obtidos a partir de casos fatais (n=29), ocorridos durante a grande epidemia em 2002 no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A combinação de quatro métodos permitiu a confirmação da infecção por DENV-3 em 26 (89,6 por cento) dos casos suspeitos. O isolamento viral foi obtido em 2,7 (2/74) das amostras, a partir da inoculação em cultura de células C6/36. A técnica de nested RT-PCR permitiu a identificação do DENV-3 em 30,5 por cento (22/72) das amostras analisadas. O método de RT-PCR em tempo real possuiu maior sensibilidade, detectando o RNA viral em 58,4 por cento (45/77) dos espécimes clínicos, incluindo fígado (n=18), pulmão (n=8) , baço (n=8), cérebro (n=6), rim (n=3), medula óssea (n=1) e coração (n=1). A técnica de imunohistoquímica detectou o antígeno viral em 44 por cento (26/59) das amostras analisadas. A precisão e eficácia...América do Sul.